Behavioral Learning Theories Applied Free Essays

Conduct Learning speculations Applied Education is an incredible focal concentration in our present society. As the economy progresses, instruction is the fate of more noteworthy significance and our student’s future is emphatically subject to their instructive chances. The same number of scholars have demonstrated, there is nobody method of instructing that objectives a whole crowd. We will compose a custom paper test on Conduct Learning Theories Applied or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Rather, every youngster has their own one of a kind learning style that they react best to. Any instructor that assumes on the liability of encouraging must acclimate themselves with the various methodologies so they watch the â€Å"No youngster left behind† act and satisfy their obligation as an educator. The a wide range of ways to deal with learning incorporate Behavioral, Social Cognitive, Information Processing, Constructivist, and Brain-based. The social methodology is concerned fundamentally with quantifiable and recognizable parts of human conduct (Good Brophy, 1990). Social learning hypotheses center around the manners by which pleasurable or upsetting results of conduct change individuals’ conduct after some time and manners by which individual model their conduct on that of others (Slavin 2006). The accentuation is put on reactions to encounters, particularly support and discipline, as determinants of learning and conduct. The 4 noticeable behaviorist and key players in the advancement of the behaviorist hypothesis, that I like to identify with, were Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner. Pavlov’s primary intrigue was physiology yet it was the Classical Conditioning hypothesis that made him so well known. Old style Conditioning is a learning procedure that happens through relationship between an ecological upgrade and a normally happening boost. Both Thorndike and Skinner-albeit distinctively communicated dug into the plan of Operant Conditioning. Operant molding is a learning technique that happens through remunerations and disciplines for conduct. An affiliation is made between a conduct and a ramification for that conduct through operant molding. Skinner’s hypothesis of Operant molding fundamentally clarifies how we get our scope of educated practices that we display. On the off chance that an individual’s conduct is promptly trailed by pleasurable results, the individual will take part in that conduct all the more often (Slavin, pg. 137). The connection between the conduct and its results is the thing that later an educated conduct becomes. Skinner makes reference to support, discipline, eradication and awards as the instruments for his hypothesis. These reactions have a period and spot where its adequacy is at its pinnacle. Knowing our understudies, knowing ourselves, knowing the circumstance, and recognizing what we need our result to be will assist us with figuring out which way to deal with use. As kept up by the above behaviorists, our practices change in understanding to the prompt response/outcome. These prompt responses are the distinct advantage that instructors should ace for ideal achievement in the study hall. An educator can watch and observe the different reactions her understudies react best to. An instructor ought to continually be asking herself â€Å"What fills in as an inspiration or fortification for this specific understudy to do well†? â€Å"Does the understudy use the Expectancy Theory†? The hypothesis of inspiration depends on the conviction that people’s endeavors to accomplish rely upon their desires for remuneration, or do they lean towards accomplishment inspiration; the inclination to take a stab at progress and to pick objective situated, achievement/disappointment exercises? There are innumerable reactions that can work to propel our understudies. Albeit a few understudies appear to be normally excited about learning, many need that extra inspirational factor to assist them with their investigations. Clinicians characterize inspiration as an inner procedure that actuates, manages, and keeps up conduct after some time (Murphy Alexander, 2000; Pintrich, 2003; Schunk, 2000; Stipek, 2002. ) As an understudy, I was frequently spurred to accomplish particularly great work when I felt the instructor questioned my capacities. I rehearsed the statement â€Å"I do it since I can, I can on the grounds that I need to, I need to in light of the fact that you said I couldn’t†. That truly pushed me to progress nicely. It might have been a puerile yet it worked for me. By and by, I made some hard memories doing great under fortifications be it negative or positive. The absence of consistency and the time slip by between the activity and reaction never worked for me. If I somehow happened to use a token framework or some other framework (I. E. acclaim, graphs and so forth ) I would audit the advantages and disadvantages cautiously. I feel that utilizing such techniques recklessly can create dangerous outcomes. Watching a subsequent evaluation class, I saw the instructor practicing exceptionally unforgiving outcomes to wipe out practices. Without a doubt, her homeroom was consistently flawless, and calm. The understudy didn't set out get into mischief or not have the foggiest idea about their work inspired by a paranoid fear of discipline. At last, these understudies lived in dread. They disdained the educator, they detested learning, and whatever they learned was simply to keep away from discipline. Is it safe to say that they were propelled to act? In reality. They feared the outcomes. Was the air an ideal learning condition? Most certainly not! It was by then that I comprehended that utilizing Behavioral Learning Theories don't generally deliver positive outcomes. At the point when I was a momentary substitute educator, I had the chance to visit numerous study halls over the time of a couple of months. At the point when I entered the study hall with an air about myself and dressed well, the understudies consequently got the underlying portion of inspiration to carry on and to please. I at that point keep on holding their enthusiasm by educating in a capricious way or in any capacity that they are not used to. Instructing eccentrically is genuinely basic in one of the schools I substitute. The straightforwardness of the instructing style has not changed from 20 years back. The instructors utilize the regular old reading material, they practice â€Å"one encouraging style fit all† approach, only one educator for the whole class, and so forth. At the point when I enter a class, I request that they modify their seats so they are sitting in a semi-hover or in bunches relying upon the exercise. As the exercise proceeds, I attempt to abstain from giving outward inspiration except if I feel the total need. I attempt to make the real exercise the impetus. I acclaim after curious inquiries and appear to be really content with right reactions. It’s a quality that an instructor needs to make that will inject a feeling of ‘wanting to do well’, most regularly by the longing to please. I have much of the time watched numerous instructors effectively pair less wanted conduct with wanted practices for extraordinary outcomes which is alluded to as the Premack Principle (Premack, 1965). One episode hangs out in my brain when a third grade educator told an understudy that on the off chance that he finishes his schoolwork, he will have the option to expel his name from the â€Å"completed homework† sign outside the homeroom. The educator disclosed to me, that this specific understudy despises the way that his name is up on the board, so she combines doing schoolwork with the ideal demonstration of expelling his name. Having his name on the board should be a support for doing schoolwork, anyway Slavin makes reference to that if the conduct doesn't increment or diminishing in recurrence with the fortification than it isn't really a fortification (Slavin, 143). Social Learning Theories are very settled and they are helpful in evolving practices. It is essential to recognize in any case, that the hypothesis has its impediment. For the most part, in view of its emphasis on detectable practices, other progressively unique and reasonable learning stays implicit. In any case, Social Learning hypothesis helps overcome any barrier between the conduct and subjective planned (Slavin, pg 159). â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ Appendix: 1)Slavin, R. E. (2006). Instructive brain research: Theory and practice (eighth ed. ). Boston: Pearson. 2)Premack, D. (1965). Fortification hypothesis. In D. Levine, Nebraska conference on inspiration. Lincoln: Univeristy of Nebraska Press. Step by step instructions to refer to Behavioral Learning Theories Applied, Essays

The Radio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Radio - Research Paper Example It accompanied monstrous force in light of the fact that lone a solitary speaker had the capacity to plant the seeds of amusement, data, publicity, political and strict intensity, culture, and even pessimism all over the place (Lewis 26).This paper quickly examines the development, advancement, and effect of radio on human life and infers that radio isn't bound by its fleshier rivals, however it has advanced. Radio alludes to the flagging or sound correspondence by utilizing electromagnetic radiations. In its initial days, it was created as a remote message, for one point to the next point joins. The remote message made it conceivable to send messages to numerous areas simultaneously, by utilizing specks and-runs of transmitted code in early days, while in full sound during later periods (White). The verifiable Background James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist was affected by Michael Faraday's thoughts and work on electromagnetism. Faraday's work depicted that electric and attract ive impacts emerge from the lines of power around conveyors and magnets. Maxwell built up a relationship about the path lines of power carry on and the fluid stream; he inferred conditions that spoke to the electric and attractive field. In view of Faraday's thoughts, Maxwell created a paper in 1855. Besides, he built up the model for a speculative medium with some liquid that could convey electric and attractive impacts. He considered theoretical circumstances when liquid gets versatile and charge is applied to it. He presumed that it would start unsettling influence in the liquid and the subsequent waves would go through the medium (Parker). Two Germans Friedrich Kohlrausch and Wilhelm Weber recognized that these have the ability to go at the speed of light. In 1873, Maxwell made these discoveries open in his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (qtd. in Parker). Heinrich Hertz affirmed Maxwell's thoughts by finding radio waves, a type of electromagnetic radiation which has too l ong frequency for natural eyes to see. He thought of a transmitting oscillator that emanated radio waves and distinguished them by utilizing a metal circle with a hole at one side. Flashes are produced over this hole when the circle was situated inside transmitter's electromagnetic field. It suggested that electromagnetic waves could be sent in the space and could be recognized remotely. These waves are named after Hertz as 'Hertzian Waves' he identified them over the length of his lab (Parker). Hertz's revelation motivated Guglielmo Marconi, he understood that the in the event that radio waves could be transmitted and recognized over significant distances, at that point remote telecommunication can be created. He began testing in 1894 by putting unpleasant radio wires in his family garden. At first, he figured out how to got singles from 100 meters, before the finish of 1895; he figured out how to stretch out the separation to over a mile. He imparted his experimentation to Italian Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs. Realizing that Ministry was not inspired by his work, he gave a show in London at General Post Office in 1896.His transmission was identified from1.5 miles which was reached out to 8 miles in barely any months. In 1897, Marconi got the patent for remote telecommunication, and built up the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company at Chelmsford. There, they set up the world's first radio processing plant in 1898. In May 1897, they effectively tried that the contacts were conceivable over the water. A

Next House Showers Bring No Flowers

Next House Showers Bring No Flowers Its hard to remember a time during my senior year of high school when I wasnt totally jazzed about MIT. I got accepted, and that was pretty much it for me. I was going to MIT. I never really entertained any possibility that there might be some cons to the pros to me, MIT was perfect. This is a bad attitude to have in all regards, because while its great to be excited, you forget that theres no such thing as perfect. My friends at Stanford write me long, tormented emails about their foods likeness to recycled cardboard; a girl I know at Berkeley calls me to complain about how her halls TV only plays in Spanish. I myself found MITs imperfections when I moved into Next House (not to mention that you cant switch out of Next if you move here in your first year but thats a story for another time). We may not have fire alarms going off every month, but anyone living at Next House will tell you horror stories about our terrible, TERRIBLE showers. They have absolutely no pressure, so the water dribbles on you like its from a crack in the ceiling. Not only that, but the Next residents seem to lose all realization that they share the sanitation station with ten or so others the minute they get wet, and think its okay to leave the entire contents of their shower onto the pa rt of the floor without a drain. At Next, you must swim before you shower. Often times the aforementioned residents also think its okay to leave enough hair pooled around the drain to make you think theyd shaved a small cow. Perhaps worst of all, we receive emails about every month telling us theyll be shutting down all the hot water yet again to fix some eternally elusive water problem. Guys on my hall make arrangements to stay at their fraternities these nights; others (probably the people who leave puddles) think its not too much a price to pay to stay stinky for the day, at everyone elses expense. Sometimes we dont even get warning about hot water being shut off. The morning finals began, specifically on the morning of my 8.01 final that I was certain I would fail, I stepped into the shower to be greeted by water of temperatures like that of the San Francisco bay. Not a great way to start off a three-hour exam. But dont listen to me. Zach Ozer (Zozer) 07, chairman of The Tech, can probably tell you about it better than I can. Heres an email he sent out to Next Forum, our mailing list, about a week ago: Does anyone remember how, when the elevator broke at BC, everyone affected got a refund of $25 in TechCash from LarryBens Cookie Fund (http://www-tech.mit.edu/V125/PDF/N16.pdf)? Since Ive been here, I cant even count the number of water shutdowns. But I almost can :) Here are my records… anyone with more complete records, please, by all means fill in the blanks. Total Shutdowns (Hot, cold, or both): May 13, 2005 August 17, 2005 September 23, 2005 October 27, 2005 January 4, 2005 July 25th, 2006 August 23-24, 2006 September 13, 2006 October 17, 2006 December 8th, 2006 January 10, 2007 January 30, 2007 Partial (1+ bathroom afftected) April 11th, 2005 September 9-26, 2005 Nov. 8th, 2005 Dec 6, 2006 Jan 11, 2006 If you read this as I do, were averaging 5 complete shutdowns per year and 2.5 partial shutdowns. If your car broke down for a day 5 times in a year and wasnt performing right 2.5 times per year, youd be able to return it under a lemon law. Can we return Next House? No. But someone from NextExec should raise hell about this. Now, Im not saying that there might be some reason to why that guy I had to stand next to in chorus always smelled like old yogurt. MIT does have excellent showers in its other dorms (some of which have their own bathroom per room) and especially at the Z Center (they have great pressure!). But as someone who likes to enjoy a hot shower every morning, Im almost definitely moving to another dorm next year. So to sum up, dont get tunnel vision; your dream school most certainly isnt going to be flawless. Im here to share the wisdom I gain from college with you, so here it is: dont be shocked when you get there to find everythings not always puppies and rainbows. And pressurized hot showers. Post Tagged #Next House

My Experience At A Healthcare Advertising Firm - 1657 Words

Harshi Shah Personal Application Assignment I would like to describe my experience when I switched to a new job in India at a Healthcare advertising firm. I changed from a startup company to a corporate healthcare advertising firm and this was a big change for me. The new organization had many departments like marketing/client servicing, Creative, business development and Medical writer. I worked in the marketing department as a Medical Client servicing manager. Concrete Experience In this company my department’s progress was closely monitored by weekly reports, call handling statistics, and other measurable numbers, so my boss knows when I need to push my team to get more work done, or rush to meet a deadline on a project. We worked closely with the creative team in the graphics department. It was my job to get things done from creative department based on the brief given by my clients which were top pharmaceutical companies like Abbott, Novartis etc. One creative team was assigned to every manager and it was important to get work done only from that team. This was quite different from my old company as there were no different departments, I can approach any member I want to get my work done therefore never experienced resource constraint. But as a new manager, the creative department was not at all supportive. They never delivered the projects on time. A constant bone of dispute for both groups was missed deadlines. Most of the time , a marketing person was theShow MoreRelatedA Manifesto For Transforming Healthcare Marketing Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesChris Bevolo is the author of, Joe Public Doesn’t Care about Your Hospital. 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Vision To become the DirectorRead MoreThe Demand for Public Relations Specialists1031 Words   |  5 Pages Lights! Camera! Action! When you were in high school, did you know what you wanted to be when you grew up? I didn’t have a clue; there were so many things to choose from. I finally made a choice to pursue something that fit my personality. However did you know, â€Å"Public Relations Specialists held about 275,200 jobs in 2008? â€Å"(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 5). Opportunities are best for college graduates who combine a degree in journalism, public relations, or another communications-relatedRead MoreResearch On B2b International Research Firm955 Words   |  4 Pagesweek seven of our Research Methods course we were asked to identify two research firms and essentially do a compare and contrast on them. After listening to the lecture and doing a little review, I identified two main research corporations that interested me enough to do further research. This week my scholarly activity will be written on B2B International Research firm and EFG Worldwide Research firm. The two firms are very un ique in the way they collect data using a variety of different tools,Read MoreSwot Analysis : New Jersey Cts1244 Words   |  5 Pages1. The company I ve chosen for my midterm is Cognizant Technological solutions which is an American multinational company based in the IT industry that provides customized IT services, BPO ( Business process Outsourcing) and IT consulting services worldwide. Headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey CTS ( abbreviated form ) was founded on January 26th 1994 as a technology unit of Dun and Bradstreet , an American public company and in 1996 the latter company spun off CTS .Cognizant takes its positionRead MorePharmaceutical Corporation Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesa major impact on society are being removed from distribution, due to failure of providing a safe drug for consumers consumption. Unfortunately, there are no future alternate medications in sight to aid in the decrease of earnings. Furthermore, healthcare modification is probably going to increase the issues by enforcing pay for services, as is currently an issue in Europe. To explain the obvious, over the past years, the pharmaceutical corporations have developed lesser and lesser drugs availableRead MoreAn Analysis Of Vital Connect1796 Words   |  8 Pagesbefore in certain healthcare environments. 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Advertising message Read MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081689 Words   |  7 Pagesthe financial crisis of 2008. The country is recovering from the Great Recession, unemployment is down and the global domestic product is up. People have jobs and are paying taxes. President Obama lowered our budget deficit and promised to make healthcare more available to all. On average, America is well on its way to recovery. But what about the people that slipped through the cracks of the financial stimulus plan? These are the people that lost their jobs, and subsequently their homes. These areRead MoreInternship Report On The Internship1702 Words   |  7 PagesPROJECT EXPERIENCE 9 Data Management 9 Reporting Dashboards 10 Custom Analytics 10 Innovation 10 OBSERVATIONS LEARNINGS 11 REFERENCES 13 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION The following report describes the activities carried out during a 10 - week, full-time internship at Audience Partners, PA. 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The Artificial Model Of Natural Selection Essay - 1866 Words

The Artificial Model of Natural Selection Since Charles Darwin raised the concept of natural selection, all generations have been enlightened with the idea of the â€Å"preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations [†¦] useful in some ways to each being in the great and complex battle of life.† (Darwin, 1). However, only the most recent generations have heard about something called genetic modification that in some cases we don’t understand, but whose effects have been increased in our daily life. The innumerable advances that science had reached in genetic aspects, made people think that there aren’t insurmountable limits to humans. At the same time it causes questions about the dangers they may offer in an increasingly, curious society. In general terms, Genetic manipulation refers to â€Å"any of a variety sophisticated techniques for the creation of recombinant DNA and, in many cases, its subsequent introduction into living cells.† (Das 1). It implies a fusion between the natural composition of pure matter and the implanted characteristics as a consequence of that which human beings consider appropriate to improve the kind. Thus, through genetic management, human beings are trying to recreate a process of natural selection in which favorable conditions are preferred in the relationship of individuals with their environment, and allowing those conditions be incorporated over time. In animals Genetic engineering process consists of inserting anShow MoreRelatedThe Artificial Model Of Natural Selection1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Artificial Model of Natural Selection Since Charles Darwin raised the concept of natural selection, all generations have been enlightened with the idea of the â€Å"preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations [†¦] useful in some ways to each being in the great and complex battle of life (Darwin, 1). However, only the most recent generations have heard about something called genetic modification that in some cases we don’t understand, but whose effects have been increasedRead MoreThe Artificial Model Of Natural Selection1883 Words   |  8 PagesThe Artificial Model of Natural Selection Since Charles Darwin raised the concept of natural selection, all generations have been enlightened with the idea of the â€Å"preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variations [†¦] useful in some ways to each being in the great and complex battle of life.† (Darwin, 1) However, only the most recent generations have heard about something called genetic modification that in some cases we don’t understand, but whose effects have been increasedRead MoreArtificial Selection And Natural Selection942 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Selection is much different than natural selection but can have similar advantageous effects. Selection has profound effects on populations and has the ability to modify forms and behaviors of living things to the point that they look and act very unlike their ancestors. Artificial selection provides a model that helps us understand natural selection. It is a small step to envision natural conditions acting selec tively on populations and causing natural changes. (Takashi, 2014.) ByRead MoreThe Evolutionary Change Under Strong Selective Pressures1257 Words   |  6 Pagesprogress, it was not until the research of Dmitry K. Belyaev that we began to unravel the early stages of domestication. Assuming that these initial stages involved selection on behavior, Belyaev conducted an experimental study that placed strong selective pressures on tamability. Using the fox, Vulpes vulpes, as a model, this artificial selection developed an experimental population that expressed behavioral, morphological, and physiological characteristics of domesticated species (Belyaev 1969). UnderRead MoreThe Diversity Of Living Things1613 Words   |  7 PagesEvolution 1.Advantages of Artificial Selection: -It creates new genes for plants and animals. -Animals can produce more products ex. Pigs can be bred to be bigger in size; cows can be bred to produce more milk, etc. -Farmers and breeders will get better business. Farmers will be able to produce bigger and better plants, while breeders will be able to create new types of animals. -Can create stronger and faster animals and unlimited to the options of artificial selection, meaning you can combine whateverRead MorePersuasive Essay On Rights Of Nature1607 Words   |  7 PagesCedric Quintana Prof Cassidy Litle Eng 122-008 July 15, 2017 Rights of Nature We must take care of our environment by continually educating our youth on natural selection and the four laws of ecology, and supporting environmental movements that recognize the rights of nature. Impacts of climate change are increasingly felt by Earth’s inhabitants including us, humans. The current warming, which is only one degree Celsius, has affected different ecological processes such as â€Å"species’ genetics, seasonalRead MoreGenetic Algorithms And Its Applications Of Cyber Security1709 Words   |  7 Pagesof science and engineering as versatile algorithms for tackling functional issues and as computational models of common developmental frameworks. In the latest couple of decades, this procedure with advancement of cutting edge development has accomplished something new. Introduction: â€Å"Li [3] describes genetic algorithm as a family of computational models based on evolution and natural selection.† â€Å"Bobor [4] has defined a genetic algorithm as a programming technique, which mimics biological evolutionRead MoreCMGT556 Week 1 Individual Assigment Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Artificial Intelligence Vita Olmsted CMGT/556 - Enterprise Models June 24, 2014 Jeffrey McDonough Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science, which concentrates on the intelligence of machines, and involves applying the principles of reasoning, knowledge planning, learning, communication, perception, and controlling objects to emulate the human brain. 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The MAED problem is much complex due to the practical operational constraints such as valve point loading effect(VPL), prohibited operating zones (POZ) along with tie power flow limit constraints, which make the system highly nonlinear. Therefore it requires a powerful optimization approach to solve these types of problems. Various bio-inspired algorithms have become popular to solve complex mathematical functions in the past decades [5]. The natural selection and meta-

A Close Look at Bangladesh Free Essays

The People’s Republic of Bangladesh, also known as Bangladesh, is one of the youngest nations historically. Established in 1971, the country has undergone various battles to win its independence, including those to fight for its religion and its language. At present, Bangladesh is one of the unfamiliar states in Asia, continuously fighting overpopulation, poverty, and political unrest (Whyte Lin, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on A Close Look at Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bangladesh is geographically situated in South Asia, bordered by Myanmar in the southeast and India in the north, west, and northeast. The most essential feature of the country is its â€Å"web of rivers† that molded its culture and lifestyle positively in terms of transportation and hydroelectric power and negatively with massive flooding (Whyte Lin, 2009). The total area of Bangladesh is roughly 144,000 square kilometers, which is a bit smaller than Iowa. The estimate population of the country is 158 million, which makes it the seventh most populous in the world (CIA, n. d. ) I. Government The politics of Bangladesh has witnessed several changes with the shifting of the forms of government from parliamentary in 1972, to presidential in 1975, to martial law in 1981 and back to parliamentary in 1991 (Whyte Lin, 2009). At present, the nation is ruled by the chief of state, President Zillur Rahman, and the head of government, Prime Minister Sheik Hasina Wajed. Members of the cabinet are handpicked by the prime minister and appointed by the president. The legislative branch is led by the unicameral National Parliament elected by the people. The Supreme Court is headed by chief justices and other judges appointed by the president (CIA, n. d. ). Ahmed (2004) further describes politics in Bangladesh as a constant chat topic in all parts of the country. He further likened Bangladeshi politicians to that of the country’s rivers – changing their courses unpredictably, overflowing their banks and submerging new lands. Moreover, the capital of Bangladesh is Dhaka. It is further divided into seven administrative divisions, namely, Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Syllhet (CIA, n. d. ). The nation as a developing country is characterized by corruption brought about by indecisiveness of politicians, politicization of the civil service, and nepotism among civil servants. According to the World Bank, should Bangladesh lessen corrupt practices in its government, it is possible that it will enjoy an improved economic status (Ahmed, 2004). II. Economy One of the poorest nations in the world – this is what typically defines the economy of Bangladesh. The nation relies primarily in agriculture, livestock, and forestry, with crop agriculture as the main contributor in the country’s GDP (Ahmed, 2004). Nonetheless, one-third of its population still lives below the poverty line (CIA, n. d. ). Because of this, Bangladesh relies heavily from foreign aid, which it uses to improve its agriculture and support efforts to advance society. One sector that is being developed to help Bangladeshi economy is energy, namely, gas, oil, and mineral explorations that currently attract foreign investors. Another element that keeps its economy afloat is foreign trade (Ahmed, 2004). It exports garments, frozen fish and seafood, jute and jute products, and leather to the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, among others (CIA, n. d. ). Moreover, export of labor also contributes highly to the economy with most Bangladeshi working overseas such as in Saudi Arabia and Malaysia (Ahmed, 2004). Still, unemployment needs to be prioritized as unemployment rate is at an estimated 2. 5 percent, which the nineteenth highest in the world. III. Religious Practices Religion is a significant part of Bangladeshi society. In fact, religion is an important element of people’s self-identity. More than three-fourths of the population are Sunni Muslims, ten percent are Hindus and the others are Christians and Theravada-Hinayana Buddhists. The Constitution upholds Islam as the state religion but allows each citizen to practice his faith according to his choice. Furthermore, the government has established imam training academies and proclaimed Islamic days of festivals. Moreover, each religion has its own set of laws. For instance, Muslim men are allowed to marry up to four times but society discourages this practice; Christian men can marry just one woman; Hindus can practice unlimited polygamy; but marriages between members of different religions were unrestricted. In addition, important religious festivals and holy days of all religious groups are observed as national holidays (US Department of State, 2007) IV. Language The official language of Bangladesh is Bangla or Bengali, which is the native tongue of more than 98 percent of the population. However, many also speak English and Urdu. Bangla’s influences include Islam, Arabic, and English (Kwintessential, n. d. ) V. Educational System Since a huge portion of the population experiences poverty, the educational system in Bangladesh is highly subsidized. Schooling is divided into primary, secondary, and higher secondary levels. Tertiary education is also provided in universities and affiliated colleges. In all levels, students can opt to be educated under Bangla or English medium (Prime Minister’s Office, n. d. ). VI. Norms and Values In Bangladesh, age generally tells how one is addressed. If people are of the same age, first names are used but if the person being addressed is older, he is called by his first name and a suffix that indicates the family relationship. Moreover, gift-giving is important for Bangladeshis. For instance, bringing of pastries or sweets is encouraged in visiting a home; offering of frangipanis, white flowers, alcohol, products with non-halal meat, and even money are discouraged; opening gifts in front of the giver is likewise discouraged; and gift-giving should be done with both hands. Moreover in eating, directly turning down an invitation is impolite; many eat with their hands so asking of utensils is rude; meals will be shared by the same sex; guests are served first; and the oldest person at the table eats first; passing of food and drinks is done with the right hand only. Furthermore in communication, Bangladeshis tend to communicate indirectly so their body language needs to be understood as well. Nonetheless, they stand close when speaking to someone of the same gender (Kwintessential, n. d. ). VII. Conclusion To conclude, Bangladesh has come a long way from its establishment 40 years ago. Nonetheless, it has a lot to learn in terms of political stability and economic development. Still, the nation has reasons to be proud of such as its religion, language, and values that has established its identity as a free nation. References Ahmed, S. (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corporation. CIA. (n. d. ). South Asia: Bangladesh. The World Factbook. Retrieved from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg. html Kwintessential. (n. d. ). Bangladesh – language, culture, customs, and etiquette. Retrieved from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/resources/global-etiquette/bangladesh. html Prime Minister’s Office. (n. d. ). Education system in Bangladesh. National Web Portal of Bangladesh. Retrieved from http://www. bangladesh. gov. bd/index. php? option=com_contenttask=categoryid=33Itemid=27 U. S. Department of State. (2007). Bangladesh. Retrieved from http://www. state. gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90226. htm Whyte, M. Lin, Y. L. (2009). Cultures of the World: Bangladesh. New York: Marshall Cavendish. How to cite A Close Look at Bangladesh, Papers

The Millers Tale Lines 364

The Millers Tale: Lines 364-489 Essay The event shows numerous character traits of both Nicholas and John. For example, it shows Nicholass skill as an actor, as, even when a door is knocked to the floor, he is able to remain stille as stoon. This also shows how Nicholas is taking the plan very seriously, and is willing to prevent himself from flinching when the knave knocks down the door. Hence, this shows how Nicholas is taking extreme action to fully humiliate John. This reveals that Nicholas is callous and uncaring that he will not only sleep with Johns wife but also wishes to humiliate him further in the process. The use of enjambment over lines 405-410 reflect the idea that Nicholas has fully thought out the plan before he has told John, and has covered every detail. For example I have found in myn astologie, As I have looked in the moone bright, That now a Monday next. This continuation of a sentence over 5 lines demonstrates how Nicholas knows exactly what to say in that he has no need to pause and think about what he should say next his delivery of the plan to John is flawless. This idea is continued throughout the poem when Nicholas is talking about all the different aspects of the plan. Nicholas is also portrayed as being patronising and manipulative. He does not simply tell the story of what happened to him and hope that John will believe him, but he says I wol nat lie. In the same way, Nicholas makes the whole plan worse by flattering John John myn hooste, life and deere. Nicholas is manipulating John into believing him using flattery however this simply portrays Nicholas as being crueler as he is telling John that he is deere yet wishes to humiliate him. The extract also shows how Nicholas is clever and cunning and has fully thought out the plan to the final detail so that John will indefinitely carry out the task that they tell him. He ensures this by having his dore faste shette and by telling John that if thou telle it man, tho art forlore. This means that no one else will hear what Nicholas is telling John, and hence cannot prove him wrong and ruin his plan. He is also clever as Nicholas creates the story that he knows about the flood because of his astrology and ability to predict the weather I have yfounde in myn astrologie. Chaucer mentioned that Nicholas studied the weather men asked himwhan that men sholde have droghte or elles shoures, at the very beginning of the tale and hence set the scene for what was to come later in the poem. Thus, Nicholas again shows that he has taken consideration into making the plan as believable as possible by using feasible reasons for how he knows about the flood meaning that the story is more credible. This could also show something about the character of John, in that he cannot be as stupid as everyone makes him out to be, if Nicholas is having to consider all parts of his plan, and give valid reasons for every aspect of the story. If John was truly stupid, he would believe whatever Nicholas told him or whatever reason for knowing Nicholas gave. However, on the other hand, John is made to look extremely foolish and show the extent of his stupidity during the extract. For example, although Nicholas provides a valid reason for how and why he was told about the flood, and knew the flood was coming, astrology would not provide details of exactly when the flood would come, yet Nicholas tells John that the flood will come Monday next, at quarter night and John believes him. In the same way, Nicholas tells him that the flood will last lasse than an hour which again shows Johns stupidity in that it is impossible for a flood to occur even with the heaviest rain, in only an hour. .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e , .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .postImageUrl , .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e , .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:hover , .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:visited , .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:active { border:0!important; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:active , .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5c76bbea3814dbef477ac8c93487b5e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: British Empire EssayNicholas ensures Johns stupidity is further shown by asking Hastow nat herd hou saved was Noe i.e. if John knows the story of Noah. The fact that John replies that he does makes him seem even more stupid, as if he knew the story and knew the Bible, he would know that God promised never again to send another flood. Sely Johns foolishness is also shown by the fact he never questions why God has chosen Nicholas to be saved. This shows not only his stupidity, but Nicholas skill in convincing John that he should be saved, and is in fact on a par with Noah. Axe not why for though thou aske me I wol not telln Goddes privitee. This quote also shows a tone continued through the play of mockery of the church, in that Chaucer is showing how sinful people claim that they are religious and holy. For example, Nicholas is claiming to have seen a vision from God in order for him to commit adultery. This creates a general tone in the poem that the church should not be taken seriously. This point is reflected by the fact that John does not even know properly the story of Noah, hence is not a noble character as he is clearly not religious.

Homeland Security Issues

In Dept To China Essays - Steelmaking, Agricultural Machinery

In Dept To China Essays - Steelmaking, Agricultural Machinery In Dept To China The World is forever in debt to China for its innovations. Ancient China was extreme advance and many of its discoveries are still in use today. This is what Robert Temple, the author of The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and invention. The book is based on 11 main parts of Chinese innovation. Within these 11 categories, there are 3 main parts that contain the most significant inventions. Robert Temple concentrates the bulk of his examples in these three categories, agriculture, domestic and industrial technology , and engineering. Temples examples were not limited to these fields of innovation. The Chinese excelled in many other areas, including mathematics, warfare and transportation, to name a few. Although Temple wrote about eleven fields of invention, I feel that these three sections contain the greatest examples of Chinese innovation, and the debt that the modern world owes China. The first main area is the field of engineering. Within this chapter, the develo pment of iron and steel is the greatest achievement. The development of iron and steel led to other advances. By at least the 4th century the Chinese have developed blast furnaces to obtain cast iron from iron ore. This was 1200 years before the first blast furnace showed up in Europe. The reasons that the author gave to explain the reasons why the Chinese developed this technology are simple. The Chinese had access to large amounts of clay, the key ingredient in making blast furnaces. The Chinese also figured out that by adding a substance they called :Black Earth, they could lower the melting point of iron. Another major invention of the Chinese, that led to other achievements, is steel. The common belief today is that Henry Bessemer discovered the process of refining iron into steel. The fact is Chinese had developed the process to refine iron into steel in the second century BC The Chinese learned that by injecting oxygen into the blast furnace, they could remove the carbon from the iron. The Chinese called this process the hundred refinings method since they repeated the process that many times. The finished product was highly prized in China for its strength and ability to hold an edge on a sword. The Chinese would weld the steel onto weaker iron thus creating a strong edge and a superior weapon. The Chinese iron and steel workers were the best at making different types of metals into modern times. But then, no one else could have done so at the time, since iron existed nowhere else but in China. The Chinese invented the chain pump in the first century AD The chain pump allows water to the pumped from lower to higher elevations. The chain pumps were used for draining and pumping in civil engineering, but what is more important is it was used for irrigation. Irrigation allows for greater and more intense farming, thus resulting in a better crop yield. With the greater crop yields larger populations can be supported. The chain pump was exported to all part s of the world by way of visiting ambassadors and dignitaries. The first European chain pump appeared in the sixteenth century, and was a direct copy of the Chinese version. The second area of great Chinese achievement is in domestic and industrial technology. The most recognized Chinese invention is in the field of domestic and industrial technology, paper. Paper was invented around the second century BC and was used as clothing. One might not believe that paper could be used as clothing, but the paper made at that time used thicker and tougher paper fibers. Not only was paper used for clothing, it was also used for military body armor. The Chinese found out that pleated sheets of paper could stop the penetration of arrows. The paper armor was standard issue with Chinese land and sea units. Papers writing property was not discovered till about one century after its discovery. The earliest example of writing on paper was found an abandon military post. The paper found dates back to 110 AD and contained two dozen readable characters. The area that let China grow and expand was the innovations in the area of agriculture.

Dissertation Weekly Progress Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dissertation Weekly Progress Report - Coursework Example The article by Pairavinta & Saebo (2008) explained on how a form of e-governance, the electronic voting system, had supported democracy in 1970 in the US in an â€Å"electronic town hall meeting†. I spent 3 hours reading on Oman’s e-government systems. After having 2 hours of wild goose chase, I landed on material detailing Oman’s progress towards e-governance. The article â€Å"Use and Impact of ICT on SMEs in Oman† by Ashrafi and Murtaza (2008) from Emerald database gave me a relief as it was spot on. This article details the country’s investment in ICT infrastructure and the developments made thus far in establishing e-government systems in Oman. I spent 4 hours writing up the introduction to chapter 1, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. I feel the information covered in these sections is satisfactory but I will evaluate the content covered when I compile the report. I spent the next 6 hours formulating and writing up sections 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6. I knew the research questions determined the direction of the whole project and I took my time in framing these questions. Moreover, I observed great detail in formulating my objectives to ensure complete objectivity, and this part consumed a third of the time. Finally, I wrote up the sections to complete chapter 1. I spent 3 hours reading on various applications of e-government systems. I obtain two articles, â€Å"International Technical Standards for e-Government† by Borra (2004) from Emerald database; and the other, â€Å"Critical Factors in the Adoption and Diffusion of E-government Initiatives in Oman† by Alshihi (2006) from Victoria university database. Borras (2004, pp. 75 – 76), and AlShihi (2006, pp. 8 – 15) articles explain the various transactions that governments engage. They explain that Transactions for e-government may take the form of citizen-to-government (C2G), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-employee (G2E) or government-to-government (G2G) transactions. Al

National Geographic Photography Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

National Geographic Photography - Dissertation Example Founded in 1888, the National Geographic Society, publishers of National Geographic Magazine, developed its mission, which is "for the increase and diffusion of geographic Knowledge." (â€Å"Penn Museum Presents in Focus 2005). More than a century later, they are still fulfilling this mission of bridging the differences in our world, drawing our large world a little closer, and reminding us that all humans have the same basic needs no matter where we live. Through photographs that capture the very essence of human beings, they have managed to achieve their goals and have an effect on society in an amazing way. â€Å"The images in the exhibition also speak to the magazine's shifting role in society during a century of war, peace, and rapid technological and cultural change. Images from the 1930s and 40s, for example, reveal the magazine's efforts to divert attention away from the hardships of domestic life during the Great Depression and World War II.† (Penn Museum Presents in Focus 2005). Explorers Hall is the name of The National Geographic Society Headquarters. The building takes up an entire block and yet it can hardly contain the items, photos, and all that makes up the National Geographic Magazine and what it represents and has accomplishes. The National Geographic Society has ventured from photography and publication to education, multimedia, philanthropy, and so much more.

Examining Violence In Titus Andronicus Film Studies Essay

Examining Violence In Titus Andronicus Film Studies Essay Titus Andronicus is probably one of the most notorious and violent plays that the poet and playwright William Shakespeare has ever written. But even if this certain revenge play is unheard-of, there is still a lot of room for interpretation, even more when it is compared to a film version. One could for example comment on the several murders, the cannibalism, the rape, the dismemberment of human bodies and so on. Thus, revenge and violence are an important topic in this play and that is why I will analyze the presentation of violence in Julie Taymor s version of Titus Andronicus named Titus and released in 2000, and compare it to the representation of violence in the primary source. What I would like to demonstrate is that in the film violence is presented in a grotesque way. So the question is, whether the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s film or whether this is rather her own interpretation. In order to do that, I will first define the concept of the grotesque, including its connotations and effects on the reader or the audience. Furthermore, I will pick out scenes that support my argument. To demonstrate the grotesque in the film I will depict and interpret three key scenes. The first scene will be Lavinia s rape, in which Lavinia is assaulted by Chiron and Demetrius and gets her hands and tongue cut off afterwards. In addition, I will present a scene, where a messenger delivers Titus Andronicus his own hand and his sons heads. The last scene will deal with the situation, where Titus dresses up as a cook and serves Tamora, his most dreaded enemy, and others her two sons that he killed and cooked earlier. 1.2. Information on the Play and the Film In this section I would like to give information on the play and on the film in short terms. Titus Andronicus, which is a revenge play as already mentioned, was written by Shakespeare in the late 1580s and updated around 1593 . Sw rdh claims that there are still critics who are not sure whether the play was written by Shakespeare alone, since it is very different from his other plays. Julie Taymor s film Titus was released in 1999 and failed at the box office although it was highly praised by critics. In her adaptation the story is set in Ancient Rome but is mixed with modern elements, such as cars and firearms. In addition, in Taymor s framing of the Shakespearean play the boundary between reality and fiction is crossed several times . This crossing of boundaries is a hint that Taymor uses the filmic mode in her adaptation. According to Jorgens there are several modes that are used to measure the films relative distance from the language and conventions of the theatre . In Shakespeare on Film he introduces the theatrical, the realistic and the filmic mode. The theatrical mode looks like a theatre performance and involves the audience. There are a lot of medium and long shots used. The realistic mode, however, takes advantage of the camera s unique ability to show us things [] . This for example includes close-ups. The filmic mode is the mode of the film poet, whose works bear the same relation to the surfaces of reality that poems do to ordinary conversation . That means that reality becomes insignificant in the filmic mode and can be mixed up with elements of the unreal. In this mode many non-theatrical techniques which also include close-ups, long shots, several camera angle and movements. In Taymor s adaptation the reality is penetrated by dream sequences that Taymor herself calls Penny Arcade Nightmares or short P.A.N.s. Two examples of the P.A.N.s will be discussed later in this paper. According to Jorgens, the filmic mode makes it possible for the directors not only to present what Shakespeare literally has written in his plays but also the subtext , which reveals the character feelings and thoughts between the lines of a play. In this paper I will show that the grotesque is what is hidden between the lines in Shakespeare s play and what is made extremely visible in Taymor s film. 2. The Grotesque According to Thomson the concept of the grotesque changes from time to time and has gained importance only since the 1950s. However, the concept of the grotesque is old and was already used by poets as Dante and Ovid. The modern way to define the grotesque is to view it as a fundamentally ambivalent thing, as a violent clash of opposites [ ] Thomson argues that the grotesque is always connected to the comic and the terrifying at the same time and that there is problem to decide whether something is funny (not only in the sense of comic but also in the sense of strange) or horror. This leads to an unresolved problem and [the] special impact of the grotesque will be lacking if the conflict is resolved .Thus he offers the definition that the grotesque is the unresolved clash of incompatibles in work and response . Something grotesque can also be named bizarre, absurd and macabre, which I think is also very common in both, the film and the play. One of the lines Titus says in the scene where he asks Aaron to cut off his hand is: Lend me thy hand and I will give thee mine (3.1.189). He asks Aaron to help him to cut off his hand and tells him that he will give him his hand when Aaron is done. This is a macabre situation because the fact that Titus is having his hand lopped off is very gruesome, but the line he is saying is funny (in the sense of comic) and this evokes two opposite feelings namely disgust and amusement which is, according to Thomson, the usual but abnormal reaction to the grotesque. Harpham puts the definition of the grotesque in different words: when we use the word grotesque we record [ ] the sense that although our attention has been arrested, our understanding is unsatisfied . He also explains that the grotesque has always to do with the clash of two opposites, such as the known and the unknown or the perceived and the unperceived . Although he agrees with Thomson concerning the reaction towards the grotesque, he elaborates more on the fact that the grotesque also depends on our own perception and interpretation of a certain issue. He argues that these two points (among others) play a [ ] crucial role in creating the sense of the grotesque . Yates also points out that in Greek mythology a grotesque creature was something that had human and animalistic body parts. This could be a person with the head of a bat, a plant with the teeth of an animal [] and so on. In Taymor s film, this definition of the grotesque is used several times. The most persistent picture is that of Lavinia as a woman with the head of a doe. This comparison will be discussed later. In this paper, I will define a scene as grotesque if it matches Thomson s definition. That means that I will analyse whether a scene is funny and terrifying at the same time in order to be called grotesque. 3. The Original Titus Andronicus and Taymor s Adaptation 3.1. Scene 1: Lavinia s Rape 3.1.1. The Main Scene The scene starts with Tamora s sons entering with the ravished Lavinia in 2.4.1 in the play and their hysteric laughter in 63:05 min in the film, ending at line 55 and at 66:19 min. This scene will be analyzed concerning camera movements, angles and framing, because this is very important for the interpretation of this scene. This scene was chosen as one of the grotesque scenes because Lavinia is presented in a very grotesque way. It is not only her looks but also the use of the camera and the music that create this impression. All of these elements will be explained in this chapter. The rape scene begins with an extreme long shot of the two brothers laughing and moving around Lavinia, who is only shown from the back, being obviously filmed after the rape and mutilation. It is filmed from a high angle and creates the image that the audience sees the scene from her point of view. There is also a hand-held camera used, which moves quickly and follows the two men (or rather boys) causing a jerky, ragged effect , which is very often used in the horror genre. In addition, the fact that Lavinia is only seen from behind arouses the feeling that something very uncomfortable is following. When Lavinia is finally seen from front view, a canted angle, suggest[ing] imbalance , and a long shot are used, so that Lavinia s whole body and her surroundings can be recognized. She starts moving, her face wreathing in pain. This adds to the grotesque impression of the whole scene. When Chiron and Demetrius leave we can see Marcus walking through the forest. As he sees Lavinia, he starts walking towards her. Here, a medium shot is used and the scene is filmed on eye level. The camera movement can be described as a reverse dolly shot, which just follows the character that is filmed slowly and steadily. The camera starts zooming closer to Lavinia and when she opens her mouth, there is a medium shot showing her upper part of the body, which is followed by a close-up at Marcus s face. This whole second part of the scene with Marcus and Lavinia is shot at eye level. This is a contrast to the first part where Lavinia is filmed with Tamora s sons. It creates the impression that Marcus and Lavinia are at the same level. Marcus is devastated and pities Lavinia and you can see how much he loves his niece, so there is no imbalance or violence at all. Tamora s sons, however, hurt Lavinia and make fun of her afterwards. Moreover, the steady movements of the camera in the second part of the scene and the fast camera movements in the first part of the scene also aggravate this effect. In the film version, a lot of lines from the play have been left out in this scene. However, the words that Marcus says in the play are shown by the actors through facial expressions and movements of the body. In the play he says: Alas, a crimson river of warm blood [] Doth rise and fall between thy rosed lips (2.3.22-2.3.24). These lines and the following monologue are left out in the film. But since Lavinia opens her mouth and the audience can actually see the blood, it is not necessary for Marcus to repeat that. The whole monologue where he regrets what happened to Lavinia is also made superfluous through the close-up at his face, which already has been described. At this moment, his facial expression demonstrates his distress and words are not necessary. Another important fact in this scene is that Lavinia is compared to a tree. Marcus says in the play: Speak gentle niece, what stern ungentle hands Hath lopped and hewed and made thy body bare Of her two branches, those sweet ornaments [ ] (2.3.16-2.3.19) Here, Marcus uses a lot of expressions that have to do with wood and wood processing, which are branches , lopped and hewed , thus comparing her body to a tree. When he finds Lavinia in the film version, branches have been plugged into her stumps. This creates a very grotesque impression. It is funny in the sense of strange, because it is a very uncommon picture and it is terrifying at the same time, if one thinks about the pain that Lavinia must feel at this moment. Although this is not explicitly mentioned in the primary source, one could say that the play provides a basis for Taymor s interpretation because of the several comparisons to wood. Taymor also sets the scene that is described here in a place that reminds of a dead wood, because there are dead, black trees and stubs everywhere, surrounded by a lot of mud. In this scene Lavinia is also standing on a stub, which adds even more to Marcus s comparison of her as a tree, and her movements remind of a thin tree that is swaying in the wind. What is also worth mentioning is that earlier in the film, in the scene where Chiron and Demetrius kill Lavinia s husband Bassanius in front of her, the scene is set in a verdant forest. But after her rape the forest is dead, which could also be an allusion to the destruction of Lavinia and her chastity. Another hint that Lavinia s rape should be presented in a grotesque way is that fact that the incident that happened to her is often compared to Philomela s story. Harpham argues that the grotesque can also be found in the work of the Roman poet Ovid. Interestingly enough, Ovid s work is also used very often as a metaphor in Shakespeare s play. Marcus says later in the scene about his niece: A craftier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met, And he hath cut those pretty fingers off, That could have better sewed than Philomel. (2.3.41-2.3.43) Here, he compares Lavinia to Ovid s Philomela who is raped by King Tereus of Thrace and gets her tongue chopped off, as well. That comparison establishes a connection between the grotesque scene in Taymor s film and Shakespeare s play. However, according to Cartelli and Rowe, Taymor does not present Lavinia as Philomela but as Daphne, who is also one of the protagonists of Ovid s poems. Daphne was like Lavinia a chaste virgin. She was persecuted by Apollo who was madly in love with her and so she asked her father Peneus, a river god, to change her shape in order to stop Apollo. Consequently, her father turned Daphne into a tree. The picture of Lavinia as Daphne is even more strengthened when Young Lucius brings her wooden hands to replace hers. Another important argument is that Lavinia is constantly compared to an animal. In the scene where Aaron talks Chiron and Demetrius into raping Lavinia she is very often referred to as a doe. Aaron even says: And strike her home by force, if not by words (1.1.618). According to the notes of this edition the word striking was used as a technical term for killing or wounding a deer . In Taymor s film, there is a P.A.N. that reflects this allusion, which will be discussed later in this chapter. Thus, Lavinia is often compared to animals and to trees, but she is never regarded as a woman. Hanson argues that female composite figures are seen as sexual animals in Greek mythology. Lavinia is reduced to a sex symbol (as would be called nowadays). Finally, one could say that Lavinia s rape scene which is depicted in a very grotesque way in the film is not explicitly grotesque in the play. However, Shakespeare provides a basis for the grotesque scene, by comparing Lavinia to a tree and to Philomela, whose story was perceived as grotesque, as well and by actually having her hands and tongue lopped off. 3.2.2. Additional Scene: Lavinia as doe woman This scene cannot be found explicitly in Shakespeare s play. However, it is important for the scene that was described above and adds crucial information for the picture of Lavinia in the play. This very short scene is also one of the already mentioned Penny Arcade Nightmares . It starts at 93:25 min and end at 94:15 min. Starks argues that [t]he P.A.N.s, which occur at strategic moments throughout Titus, [ ] further interrogate the act of viewing horror . She adds that they are supposed to mix reality and imagination. Usually, in P.A.N. the characters try to reprocess something that has happened to them. But there is also always a nightmare element in these P.A.N.s. This P.A.N. happens parallel to the action in the play. It is the moment where Lavinia writes down the names of Chiron and Demetrius in the sand. The stage directions tell us that [s]he takes [a] staff in her mouth, and guides it with her stumps, and writes (4.1.76). In the film the staff reminds of a phallic symbol (Lavinia is reduced to a sex symbol again) and the P.A.N. takes place while she writes. At the beginning she can be seen with the head of a doe on her head and with tigers jumping from both sides at her. There is a long shot used and the whole scene is shown in slow motion. The doe usually connected to innocence and weakness and one must involuntarily think of Walt Disney s Bambi. The tigers however are connected to strength and power. This shows that poor Lavinia had no chance to protect herself from the two brothers. The music in the background sounds psychedelic and is accompanied by Lavinia s grunts. The colours are mainly blue and black except for her white dress. Suddenly Lavinia looks scared and there are close-ups of her face and the faces of Chiron and Demetrius. The last shot shows Lavinia standing on a pedestal in a breeze in her white dress which reminds very much of Marilyn Monroe, who was a sex symbol in the 1950s. This comparison underlines the idea that Lavinia is reduced constantly to an object of desire in the play and in the film. This P.A.N. shows us what cannot be seen in the main scene. We can see how much Lavinia must have suffered and as Taymor puts it a bolt of electric shock seems to run through [Lavinia s] body . However, the comparison to Marilyn Monroe in that situation and the fast cuts that are put together in the P.A.N. create a very grotesque image. According to Cartelli and Rowe the arrangements in this scene are the same as in all the other P.A.N.s. The victim stands in the middle and is attacked from the left and the right side. Stark also connects the shot where Lavinia can be seen standing on a pedestal to the first shot after her rape. The idea is basically the same: Lavinia is standing on a stump, wearing a white dress in a breeze. In this scene she seems to be the one who is put above all of the others but she is also the one who is humiliated in the worst way. However, the two shots evoke completely different feelings. After her rape the audiences is shocked by that shot and we pity Lavinia. But in the second shot the audience looks at her as an appealing woman, who is teasing with her movements, which adds a grotesque element to the whole Lavinia theme in the film. But, from our point of view her representation in the whole play is grotesque as well because of her constantly reduced role. 3.2. Scene 2: Titus and many severed body parts This scene will deal with Titus cutting off his hand with the aid of Aaron in order to trade it for the live of his sons. But Aaron tricks him and so, Titus only gets the heads of his two sons and his own hand at the end. In the play this scene starts in 3.1.151 and ends with line 206, going on from 3.1.235 until line 241. In the film the scene starts at 75:19 min, goes on until 78:00 min and continues from 80:19 min to 84:21 min. The part in between is not connected closely to the scene and will be left out. In this scene hands play again an important role. Lavinia loses her hands after the rape and cannot be an independent person anymore. In this scene the meaning of hands becomes even more evident. According to Katherine Rowe the hand is perceived as a separate part of the body, which controls the material world. She argues that the hand is [ ] the body part most often associated with intentional, effective action [ ] . Even Aristotle discussed the importance of hands and claimed that the hand is the instrument of instruments . According to Rowe, the Greek philosopher Galen continued Aristotle s thought and asserted that the hand not only is the supreme instrument but also a tool that uses tools . In the play there are often allusions made to the hand and it is associated with many different adjectives and attributes. It is called victorious, noble, idle and so on. What is also interesting is that the hand is the one that gets credited for several deeds. In this scene for example Lucius says to his father: Stay father, for that noble hand of thine That hath thrown down so many enemies Shall not be sent. (3.1.163-3.1.165) Thus, it is the ultimate punishment to lose a hand and turn into a person, who cannot be independent anymore. But still, Titus does not hesitate to give his hand for his sons lives, even though the thought of cutting it off must be horrible. This is the part of the scene, which fulfils the criterion of being terrifying in order to be grotesque. The funny part (this time in the sense of comic) is fulfilled by what is said by Titus. He tells Aaron: Lend me thy hand and I will give thee mine (3.1.188) Titus is actually making a joke in this very serious, potentially life-threatening situation. This creates an image of something grotesque and this is also how Taymor presents the scene in her film. This part of the scene is set in a kitchen. Here, the grotesque is very explicit, because Titus enters the kitchen with Aaron, takes away the cook s carving board, which she just used to chop vegetables, lays down his hand and lets him cut it off with a cleaver. It is a comic situation because the severed hand looks unreal as if it is elastic and because there is no blood at all, but still the thought of the pain that one must suffer getting his hand lopped off and Titus s facial expression, create a feeling of horror, which is supported by a close-up at Titus s face. The use of the camera and the filming techniques do not have as much importance in this scene as in the scene discussed in chapter 3.1. However, it is noticeable that Aaron talks directly to the camera several times, which is called a face-on tracking shot. This creates the effect that he is directly addressing the audience and he usually does that, when he is supposed to say something aside in the stage directions of the play. However, what is more important is the use of music in this scene. When Aaron and Titus walk to the kitchen to cut Titus s hand off, a lot of trumpets, horns and string players can be heard. The music sounds aggressive, frightening and loud and fits to the determined walk of the two characters and their speed. When Aaron leaves the kitchen with the hand and starts talking to the camera, the music changes and jazzy sounds can be heard. This again underlines the words that are said and helps turning the mood from frightening to comic. The second part of the scene is even more grotesque, because Taymor once again mixes modern elements with those from the Roman Empire. Guneratne puts it in the following words: [ ] a derelict biker-clown pulls a wagon functioning as a mobile arcade [ ] and, after dancing grotesquely about and manically promoting his show like a demented carny barker, he unveils the severed heads of Titus s two sons and the hand Titus severed to ransom them . This scene is described as a P.A.N. by Taymor herself. According to Cartelli and Rowe The penny arcade evokes the carnivalesque atmosphere of a fair or beachside entertainment zone given over to casual meandering among games of chance, fortune tellers, tattoo parlo[u]rs, and overstuffed displays of cheap prizes and merchandise . This quote implies that what you usually can see in such a circumstance is meaningless and just used as entertainment, but seeing the heads of one s own two sons has actually nothing to do with entertainment and cheap prizes , which add to the grotesque effect. Cartelli and Rowe continue that the P.A.N.s also demonstrate nightmare and let the characters relive what has happened to them before. However, the P.A.N described here is different, since it reflects a situation that is actually going on and not just a dream of one of the characters: This still life P.A.N. signals the turn in the play where the nightmares are now reality and madness can be confused with sanity [] . To underline the grotesque picture of the messenger Taymor also changes his character. In the play he seems to be compassionate, talking to Andronicus about his father s death. But in the film, he seems to be uninterested in what he is saying, as if he is quoting something he, himself, has no stake in . The way he delivers his massage supports the grotesque in the film. However, in this short part Taymor did not take the play as a basis for her interpretation. In this whole scene the comic element is presented at first by the clown and the little girl. The music, that is played, sounds like circus music and stops abruptly as the clown pulls up the roller shutter. The effect is that the audience is shocked and terrified, since the two heads of the sons, which look fairly unreal and disgusting, swimming in a red fluid, put in a dirty glass cover, are finally visible for everyone. This is already very grotesque but it becomes even more grotesque when Titus asks Lavinia to take his dead, severed hand in her badly injured mouth. The picture of the raped and mutilated girl with the dishevelled hair and the hand in her mouth makes her look like a dog, which is a very disturbing thought. Finally, one could say that this is also a scene, where the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s version. Marcus suggests that Titus should rant but instead of ranting Titus starts laughing. This is a reaction, which is not expected by the reader and turns the situation into something uncommon. In addition, the moment where Lavinia shall take her father s hand and carry it in her mouth is really happening in the play and Taymor takes Titus s request literally. The effect of this scene is stronger in the film than in the play, because watching Lavinia taking the hand is much more disturbing than reading it. 3.3. Scene 3: Titus, the Cook The last scene that will be discussed in this paper starts in 5.3.26 and ends with line 65. In the film the scene goes from 138:30 min to 144:30 min. In this scene, the grotesque can be found everywhere. It is grotesque how the cakes containing the two dead sons are presented. It is grotesque how Titus kills his own daughter and how all of the protagonists are stabbed with a knife, a spoon and a candleholder. The music, the camera angles and filming techniques everything in this scene seems grotesque. This analysis will begin with the filming techniques. Directly at the beginning of the scene there is a close-up at the two pies that Titus made out of Chiron s and Demetrius bodies, cooling down on a windowsill. There is vivid, friendly, jazzy music playing in the background and the curtains are moving slowly because of the wind. This picture evokes the feeling that some lovely housewife who lives in a cosy home, made these delicious looking pies for her family. But of course, this is not the case and the knowledge of the two dead human beings inside that pies cause feelings of disgust and agitation. As soon as the guests including Tamora, Saturnius, Lucius, Marcus and others are seated Titus brings in one of the pies and cuts it. The first peace is for Tamora and inside the pie looks bloody and raw, once again creating disgust. The whole scene is shot at eye level and most frequently there are medium shots and close-ups used to show the characters. However, when everyone starts eating there are several extreme close-ups at their mouths chewing with pieces of the pie sticking between their teeth. Wilson argues that these kinds of shots are supposed to cause dramatic effect . Looking at these people chewing raises the feeling of disgust even more. What is also remarkable is the use of the camera in the very last seconds of the scene. When Lucius puts a spoon in Saturnius mouth and feeds it into him until he suffocates, the scene is suddenly shown in slow motion and finally comes to a complete stop. Suddenly, Lucius is the only one that can move. He spits at Saturnius and shoots him afterwards. Finally, the scene is over and the rest of the characters are standing in the Coliseum. My suggestion is that these last seconds are used in order to point out Lucius s role. He is the only child of Titus who all in all lost one daughter and 23 sons that is still alive. Lucius makes not only an end to the scene but also to the whole violence and revenge, and becomes the new Emperor afterwards. Music and sounds in general are also very important in this scene. They underline the action in the film and support the use of the camera. When the very beautifully looking Lavinia enters the room the music changes and there is a quite orchestra in the background. As soon as Titus says that she must die it starts getting louder and when he breaks her neck, which is highlighted by a creaky sound, the music gets very loud and dramatic. A few seconds later there is again a change. When Titus stabs Tamora the soft music changes after a short moment and becomes aggressive. Now, rock music is used and is played until the ends of the scene. The rock music underlines the chaos that is breaking out at this moment and since everything goes very fast from there adds to the perplexity that the audience experiences after the end of the scene. Here, Lavinia is once more reduced to an animal. The way her father breaks her neck reminds more of wounded sparrow then of a woman or even a child. Again, Lavinia is compared to a historical figure. Titus alludes to Virginius who killed his daughter Virginia because she was deflowered (5.3.38). What is shocking is that in this scene he kills Lavinia not because of her pain or shame but because he cannot bear looking at her and because he has already cried so much because of her pain. As always Lavinia is not regarded as a woman but as something that is there to serve men. An interesting point in this scene is the connection of the character Titus to Hopkins s role as Hannibal Lecter in The Silence of the Lambs. In this film Hopkins played a cannibal and in Titus he once again turns into one, when he serves the cakes. This adds a comic element and once again strengthens the grotesque impression of the whole scene. Cartelli and Rowe also observe that Hopkins sucks in his spit before slitting Chiron and Demetrius s throats , which is also usually connected to his role a Lecter and which happens shortly before the scene described here. Starks connects this last scene to the opening scene of the film and calls it a grotesque parody of the opening frame of Young Lucius (Osheen Jones) playing with ketchup-blood on the kitchen table [] . In the first scene of the film a boy can be seen playing with toy soldiers and other figures in a kitchen, wearing a paper bag on his head. Hinz describes the setting as a typical American kitchen of the 1950s and read the paper bag as a symbol for the thin wall between real and imagined violence . The picture of the boy with the paper bag on his head is comic but disturbing considering his violent game and thus grotesque. Young Lucius is a character who really exists in the play but in Taymor s adaptation his role is taken by a boy who acts as the audience. He appears in every scene described in this paper and has influence on the film. In this scene, or rather after this scene and after his father being elected as the new Emperor, Lucius leaves the Coliseum with Aaron s and Tamora s baby on his arm, which, according to Hinz, hints at the end of violence between the Romans and the Goths. 4. Conclusion In this term paper it has been shown that violence is treated as something grotesque in Taymor s adaptations of Titus Andronicus. First of all, the term the grotesque has been defined and afterwards three scenes were chosen from the film and interpreted. Whether a scene is grotesque or not has been analysed according to Thomson s criteria. Finally the film scenes have been compared to the corresponding scenes in the play. Camera angles, camera movements, the gestures of the characters, the music and of course the text is what was taken into consideration during the analysis of the film. What has been pointed out in this paper is that the play offers a grotesque basis for Taymor s interpretation. It was not only presented very explicitly through the actions of the characters but also hinted at by the stage directions, by the actual text (e.g. through the use of metaphors and allusions to Greek mythology) and t

The Dating Game

Gwendolyn ‘Wendy’ Stokes Professor Josh McCall Intermediate Composition September 21, 2011 The Dating Game: Spectator or Participant Finding a good man is like trying to nail jelly to a tree. Some people say that all the good ones are either married or gay. As a single heterosexual woman that has been in the dating scene, I must say that statement is not far from the truth. The hunt for Mr. Right is not for the feeble hearted woman. The learning curve on dating has been interesting to say the least.A few months ago, I was approached by a guy that seemed nice enough. We met at a local sports bar. We had mutual friends and he was interested, which was more than I could say for the rest of the male population. He asked if I was on Facebook. As our initial conversation progressed, I realized Facebook was his correspondence of choice. What happened to the old fashion line of â€Å"Can I have your number? † Yet, I decided to trudge forward and â€Å"go with it. † After a few Facebook chats, I agreed to let him visit me at home. He came over and flopped down on my couch.It was awkward but I was determined to find something we had in common. The conversations led to our high school days. As he told story after story, it came to me that he was nowhere near the age I had originally thought. I interrupted him just to ask, â€Å"Exactly what year did you graduate? † His response of â€Å"2001† made the hair on the back of my neck stand up. I had been a mother for two years when he was tossing his high school graduation cap in the air. Needless to say, I politely ended his visit with no goodnight kiss included.Another recent dating encounter was the dreaded blind date. As I drove to the agreed upon meeting place all I could think was â€Å"Why do I get myself into these situations? † Yet, the guy I met was really nice. He was extremely attractive and had a great personality. I was pleasantly surprised at how easy the conversat ion flowed from subject to subject without any awkwardness that I had previously experienced. As the gathering was breaking up, he asked if he could have my telephone number and when would be a good time to call.Of course, I gave him my number and tried not sound eager as I said, â€Å"Anytime would be fine. † After he left, I overheard a conversation regarding his astonishingly recent separation from his wife. He was married. My newly elated attitude towards dating was quickly deflated. Transitioning from the â€Å"in a relationship† world into the â€Å"unattached† world is not as transparent as I once thought. I have learned that men in my dating pool tend to be scorned by women from their previous relationships.Those scorned men are almost always cautious to the point of being noncommittal. I have never enjoyed cleaning especially a mess created by someone else. When it comes to love, I just don’t want to work quite that hard. After all, love is suppo sed to be easy in the beginning, isn’t it? Being single is hard but being with the wrong man is even harder. I have a tendency to believe that Mr. Right will come along when I am least expecting it and then, we can just keep the jelly in the fridge.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

L & D Assignment 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development Submitted By Pravin Bang Submitted To, Prof. Abhishek Kumar Psychoanalytic Theory, conceived by Sigmund Freud and developed and modified by his colleagues, students, critics and later by ‘neo-Freudians' such as Erich Fromm in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been a significant influence and contribution to psychological research, treatment of mental illness and a general understanding of the development and functioning of the human psyche[1].Tenets of Psychoanalytic Theory Though the field has developed into several complex branches with a variety of ideas and theoretical frameworks since its conception, some of its basic and fundamental tenets can be recognised as follows: 1. )Human personality is determined by, apart from hereditary characteristics, childhood environment, experiences and memories. 2. )The Human mind is divided into three ‘parts'(not physically): Conscious, Pre-conscious and Subcon scious.The conscious mind is where we put things which we are currently attentive to, the pre-conscious mind is is where we put things we are aware about but which are not the subject of our attention and finally the subconscious is where we have little control or awareness about the processes or emotions, i. e. , is not reached the conscious mind. 3. )The above concept was later evolved into the idea of the Id, Ego and Super Ego, by Freud. Id is the process of the mind which operates almost solely on the ‘pleasure-principal' and is the source of our impulses and desires, it is a part of the mind when an individual is born.Ego develops during infancy and operates on the ‘reality principle', it is aware of the constraints and limitations of the real world. The Super ego refers to how we perceive ourselves and our moral and ethical values. In this model the function of Ego is to balance the Id and Super Ego within the constraints and limitations of the real world. 4. )Huma n impulses and desires originate from the subconscious mind, this has the profound consequence that we are not in control of our behaviour and drives. The main human drives are sex and aggression.Conflict and neurosis arises when the attempt to bring subconscious drives into the conscious mind meets psychological resistance, i. e. , when certain emotions are ‘repressed' and forced to remain in the subconscious primarily because of their incompatibility with the value systems and moral standards applicable to the self as perceived by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence mechanisms'. Psychoanalysis and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical theory has been an influential concept for explaining the development of an individual's personality.The two major theories regarding this subject are Freud's Psychosexual Development theory and Erikson's Psychosocial Development theory. It is worth noting that both these thoeries lend great significance to childhood environmen t and it can be said that psychoanalytical approaches led to childhood being regarded as being of much greater psychological significance than it had been historically. Erkison's Theory of Psychosocial Development Unlike Freud's Psychosexual theory, Psychosocial Development regards personality being continually affected and modified throughout the individual's lifetime.Erikson's theory defines the the term ‘Ego Identity' which may be explained as the individual's perception and awareness of self developed through social interaction across his or her lifespan. Each stage in this theory is characterised by a conflict or ‘challenge' which arises through differences in personal and sociocultural views and which the individual must resolve to grow into a better personality. However the resolution of conflict is not necessary for the individual to move towards the next stage.The eight stages of Erikson's theory are outlined below: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and lasti ng for one year, this stage involves the conflict between Trust and Mistrust, with the infant being completely dependent, the competence and consistency of his caregivers would determine whether his outlook towards the world is that of trust or mistrust. b. )Second Stage: Spanning from age two to three, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Autonomy and Shame and Doubt.At this age the child begins to develop motor abilities and is able to fulfil some of his own needs, however parents still remain a crucial support through which and under whose supervision the child starts learning tasks and begins to explore the world around him. Parents who watchfully encourage these early attempts at self-sufficiency instil a sense of autonomy and confidence in the child's personality, however too restrictive or demanding parents may hinder the positive effects of this process and instil a sense of self-doubt and shame in the child. . )Third Stage: Seen in children of age three to si x, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Initiative and Guilt. At this age children rapidly acquire new skills and knowledge, they are learning principles of mechanical causality, lingual and grammatical abilities, performing complex tasks which grant increased self-sufficiency and mastery of the world. At this age the child's motivation for action is that of achievement, he aims to solve a purpose with the tasks he ndertakes, successful resolution of this stage leads to a sense of initiative and leadership, although undertaking tasks which are too complex or not yielding positive results may induce frustration and anger. However, if parents discredit or undermine this newfound motivation of the child he develops a sense of guilt regarding his feelings and urges for getting involved in various actions and tasks. d. )Fourth Stage: Occuring from age five to twelve, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Industry and Inferiority.During these years children be come familiar with and learn about technology and crafts and become motivated to contributing to fruitful and productive action. During this stage the child develops a sense or cooperation and willingness to â€Å"do it right†. Successful resolution of this stage leads to the inoculation of industrious qualities; however failure to achieve a sense of productiveness and mastery leads to feelings of inferiority. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from thirteen to nineteen years of age, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Identity and Role Confusion.During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. f. )Sixth Stage: Covering young adulthood from age 20 to 24, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Intimacy and Isolation.During this stage people begin exploring personal relationship and the successful resolution of this stage requires the individual form close, committed relationships and leads to a sense of security. Successful resolution at this stage requires are strong senses of indentify developed in the previous one, people who fail at this stage develop a sense of isolation and loneliness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Generatively and Stagnation.The main motivation of individuals at this stage is to provide guidance to the next generation; this stage also involves forming strong, accepting and healthy familial relationships. Failure at this stage leads to a feeling of stagnation. h. )Eigth Stage: The final developmental stage, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Integrity and Despair. If the individual is able to look at the life he has led and feel accomplished then he feels a sense of integrity, however failure to do so leads to a sense of despair.Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Erikson's theory, Psychosexual Development postulates adult personality being determined only from heredity or past childhood experiences and memories. Freud outlined the stages of personality development during childhood, being characterised by certain erogenous zones and their attendant conflicts the positive resolution of which leads to a healthy personality whereas â€Å"fixation† at a particular stage, i. e. , getting stuck at the drives of a particular stage leads to negative personality traits, as follows: a. Oral Stage: The first stage of development lasting from birth to 1 years of age, at this stage children explore the world with their most sensitive zone, the mouth. Fixation at this stage leads to habits such as smoking, over eating, etc. b. )Anal Stage: This stage st ars from age to and lasts unto age three, at this age children learn control over elimination of bodily waste. Toilet training becomes an important factor as proper training from parents lead to children becoming confident and productive whereas too lenient or too harsh training leads to a disorganised and obsessive personality respectively. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years of age, successful resolution of this stage leads to internalisation of morality whereas fixation leads to an aggressive, vain and dominating sexuality in the future. d. )Latency Stage: Lasts from six years of age until puberty, successful resolution of this stage leads to development of social and people skills and ability to build and maintain relationships. e. )Genital Stage: Final developmental stage, lasts from puberty to most of the adult life, successful resolution leads to psychological independence from parents.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagna tion: An elaboration of Erikson's adult stage of human development†, Journal of Adult Development 2. ) Erikson, Erik (1956). â€Å"The problem of ego identity†. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4: 56–121. 3. ) Marcia, James E. (1966). â€Å"Development and validation of ego identity status†. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3: 551–558.